Scaling Language Models: Methods, Analysis & Insights from Training Gopher

Benchmark Model Rank Results
crass-ai-on-big-benchGopher-280B (few-shot, k=5)#2Accuracy: 56.8
memorization-on-big-bench-hindu-knowledgeGopher-280B (few-shot, k=5)#2Accuracy: 80
word-sense-disambiguation-on-big-bench-anachronismsGopher-280B (few-shot, k=5)#2Accuracy: 56.4
common-sense-reasoning-on-big-bench-known-unknownsGopher-280B (few-shot, k=5)#3Accuracy: 63.6
common-sense-reasoning-on-big-bench-winowhyGopher-280B (few-shot, k=5)#4Accuracy: 56.7
logical-reasoning-on-big-bench-logic-grid-puzzleGopher-280B (few-shot, k=5)#4Accuracy: 35.1
logical-reasoning-on-big-bench-reasoning-about-colored-objectsGopher-280B (few-shot, k=5)#4Accuracy: 49.2
logical-reasoning-on-big-bench-strategyqaGopher-280B (few-shot, k=5)#4Accuracy: 61.0
multiple-choice-question-answering-mcqa-on-big-bench-novel-conceptsGopher-280B (few-shot, k=5)#4Accuracy: 59.1
common-sense-reasoning-on-big-bench-disambiguation-qaGopher-280B (few-shot, k=5)#5Accuracy: 45.5
logical-reasoning-on-big-bench-penguins-in-a-tableGopher-280B (few-shot, k=5)#5Accuracy: 40.6
multiple-choice-question-answering-mcqa-on-big-bench-navigateGopher-280B (few-shot, k=5)#5Accuracy: 51.1
common-sense-reasoning-on-big-bench-sports-understandingGopher-280B (few-shot, k=5)#6Accuracy: 54.9
question-answering-on-truthfulqaGopher 280B (zero-shot, Our Prompt + Choices)#6MC1: 0.295
question-answering-on-truthfulqaGopher 7.1 (zero-shot, QA prompts)#8MC1: 0.25
question-answering-on-truthfulqaGopher 7.1B (zero-shot, Our Prompt + Choices)#10MC1: 0.23
question-answering-on-truthfulqaGopher 1.4 (zero-shot, QA prompts)#11MC1: 0.23
question-answering-on-truthfulqaGopher 1.4B (zero-shot, Our Prompt + Choices)#13MC1: 0.217
question-answering-on-truthfulqaGopher 280B (zero-shot, QA prompts)#21MC1: 0. 27
common-sense-reasoning-on-big-bench-causal-judgmentGopher-280B (few-shot, k=5)#8Accuracy: 50.8
sarcasm-detection-on-big-bench-snarksGopher-280B (few-shot, k=5)#8Accuracy: 48.3
common-sense-reasoning-on-big-bench-date-understandingGopher-280B (few-shot, k=5)#9Accuracy: 44.1
logical-reasoning-on-big-bench-formal-fallacies-syllogisms-negationGopher-280B (few-shot, k=5)#9Accuracy: 50.7
logical-reasoning-on-big-bench-temporal-sequencesGopher-280B (few-shot, k=5)#9Accuracy: 19.0
multiple-choice-question-answering-mcqa-on-big-bench-hyperbatonGopher-280B (few-shot, k=5)#9Accuracy: 51.7
multiple-choice-question-answering-mcqa-on-big-bench-movie-recommendationGopher-280B (few-shot, k=5)#9Accuracy: 50.5
multiple-choice-question-answering-mcqa-on-big-bench-ruin-namesGopher-280B (few-shot, k=5)#9Accuracy: 38.6
language-modelling-on-lambadaGopher 280B (zero-shot)#16Accuracy: 74.5
language-modelling-on-lambadaGopher 7.1B (zero-shot)#27Accuracy: 68.5
language-modelling-on-lambadaGopher 1.4B (zero-shot)#35Accuracy: 62.1
language-modelling-on-lambadaGopher 417M (zero-shot)#42Accuracy: 51.9
language-modelling-on-lambadaGopher 117M (zero-shot)#60Accuracy: 41.2
language-modelling-on-lambadaGopher 44M (zero-shot)#65Accuracy: 30.1
question-answering-on-social-iqaGopher (zero-shot)#20Accuracy: 50.6
question-answering-on-piqaGopher 280B (0-shot)#41Accuracy: 81.8
question-answering-on-boolqGopher (zero-shot)#47Accuracy: 79.3
question-answering-on-natural-questionsGopher (few-shot, k=64)#48EM: 28.2
multi-task-language-understanding-on-mmluGopher 280B (5-shot)#52Average (%): 60.0
multi-task-language-understanding-on-mmluGopher 7.1B (5-shot)#83Average (%): 29.5
multi-task-language-understanding-on-mmluGopher 1.4B (5-shot)#85Average (%): 27.3
multi-task-language-understanding-on-mmluGopher 417M (5-shot)#86Average (%): 25.7
common-sense-reasoning-on-winograndeGopher 280B (0-shot)#79Accuracy: 70.1
sentence-completion-on-hellaswagGopher 280B (0-shot)#79Accuracy: 79.2