| A General Knowledge Injection Framework for ICD Coding | ✓ Link | 61.2 | 12.3 | 99.3 | 96.2 | | 77.7 | 62.4 | 66.1 | GKI-ICD | 2025-05-24 |
| An Unsupervised Approach to Achieve Supervised-Level Explainability in Healthcare Records | ✓ Link | 60.0 | 24.7 | | | | | | 64.7 | PLM-CA | 2024-06-13 |
| Knowledge Injected Prompt Based Fine-tuning for Multi-label Few-shot ICD Coding | ✓ Link | 59.9 | 11.8 | | | | 77.1 | 61.5 | | MSMN+KEPTLongformer | 2022-10-07 |
| Effective Convolutional Attention Network for Multi-label Clinical Document Classification | | 58.9 | 10.6 | 98.8 | 91.5 | | 75.8 | 60.6 | | EffectiveCAN | |
| Automatic ICD Coding Exploiting Discourse Structure and Reconciled Code Embeddings | ✓ Link | 58.8 | 14.0 | 99.3 | 95.6 | | 76.5 | 61.4 | | Discnet+RE | |
| Read, Attend, and Code: Pushing the Limits of Medical Codes Prediction from Clinical Notes by Machines | | 58.6 | 12.7 | 99.2 | 94.8 | 82.9 | 75.4 | 60.1 | | RAC | 2021-07-10 |
| Code Synonyms Do Matter: Multiple Synonyms Matching Network for Automatic ICD Coding | ✓ Link | 58.4 | 10.3 | 99.2 | 95.0 | | 75.2 | 59.9 | | MSMN | 2022-03-03 |
| A Label Attention Model for ICD Coding from Clinical Text | ✓ Link | 57.5 | 10.7 | 98.8 | 92.1 | 80.6 | 73.5 | 59.0 | | JointLAAT | 2020-07-13 |
| A Label Attention Model for ICD Coding from Clinical Text | ✓ Link | 57.5 | 9.9 | 98.8 | 91.9 | 81.3 | 73.8 | 59.1 | | LAAT | 2020-07-13 |
| []() | | 55.3 | 9.0 | 99.2 | 91.0 | | 72.8 | 58.1 | | MSATT-KG | |
| ICD Coding from Clinical Text Using Multi-Filter Residual Convolutional Neural Network | ✓ Link | 55.2 | 8.5 | 98.6 | 91.0 | | 73.4 | 58.4 | | MultiResCNN | 2019-11-25 |
| Explainable Prediction of Medical Codes from Clinical Text | ✓ Link | 53.9 | 8.8 | 98.6 | 89.5 | | 70.9 | 56.1 | | CAML | 2018-02-15 |
| Explainable Prediction of Medical Codes from Clinical Text | ✓ Link | 52.9 | 8.6 | 98.5 | 89.7 | | 69.0 | 54.8 | | DR-CAML | 2018-02-15 |
| Explainable Prediction of Medical Codes from Clinical Text | ✓ Link | 44.1 | | | | | | | | SVM | 2018-02-15 |
| Explainable Prediction of Medical Codes from Clinical Text | ✓ Link | 41.9 | 4.2 | 96.9 | 80.6 | | 58.1 | 44.3 | | CNN | 2018-02-15 |
| Explainable Prediction of Medical Codes from Clinical Text | ✓ Link | 41.7 | 3.8 | 97.1 | 82.2 | | 58.5 | 44.5 | | Bi-GRU | 2018-02-15 |
| Explainable Automated Coding of Clinical Notes using Hierarchical Label-wise Attention Networks and Label Embedding Initialisation | ✓ Link | 40.7 | 3.6 | 98.1 | 88.5 | | 61.4 | | | HAN | 2020-10-29 |
| Explainable Prediction of Medical Codes from Clinical Text | ✓ Link | 27.2 | 1.1 | 93.7 | 56.1 | | 54.2 | 41.1 | | Logistic Regression | 2018-02-15 |