| Let Go of Your Labels with Unsupervised Transfer | ✓ Link | 0.995 | 0.985 | 0.989 | | | TURTLE (CLIP + DINOv2) | 2024-06-11 |
| Deep Clustering via Probabilistic Ratio-Cut Optimization | ✓ Link | 0.975 | 0.934 | | | | PRCut (CLIP) | 2025-02-01 |
| Exploring a Principled Framework for Deep Subspace Clustering | ✓ Link | 0.972 | 0.928 | | | | PRO-DSC | 2025-03-21 |
| Exploring the Limits of Deep Image Clustering using Pretrained Models | ✓ Link | 0.969 | 0.926 | 0.932 | Train | ViT-L | TEMI CLIP ViT-L (openai) | 2023-03-31 |
| Deep Online Probability Aggregation Clustering | ✓ Link | 0.934 | 0.87 | 0.866 | | ResNet-34 | DPAC | 2024-07-07 |
| The Balanced-Pairwise-Affinities Feature Transform | ✓ Link | 0.933 | 0.870 | 0.866 | | ResNet-18 | SPICE-BPA | 2024-06-25 |
| Stable Cluster Discrimination for Deep Clustering | ✓ Link | 0.93 | 0.861 | 0.857 | Train | ResNet-18 | SeCu | 2023-11-24 |
| Image Clustering with External Guidance | ✓ Link | 0.919 | 0.833 | 0.831 | | | TAC | 2023-10-18 |
| SPICE: Semantic Pseudo-labeling for Image Clustering | ✓ Link | 0.918 | 0.850 | 0.836 | Train | ResNet-18 | SPICE* | 2021-03-17 |
| Breaking the Reclustering Barrier in Centroid-based Deep Clustering | ✓ Link | 0.912 | 0.837 | 0.824 | Train | ResNet-18 | DCN+BRB | 2024-11-04 |
| Breaking the Reclustering Barrier in Centroid-based Deep Clustering | ✓ Link | 0.907 | 0.833 | 0.818 | Train | ResNet-18 | IDEC+BRB | 2024-11-04 |
| Breaking the Reclustering Barrier in Centroid-based Deep Clustering | ✓ Link | 0.906 | 0.826 | 0.812 | Train | ResNet-18 | DEC+BRB | 2024-11-04 |
| Improving Unsupervised Image Clustering With Robust Learning | ✓ Link | 0.903 | | | | ResNet-18 | RUC | 2020-12-21 |
| Information Maximization Clustering via Multi-View Self-Labelling | ✓ Link | 0.897 | 0.818 | 0.8 | Train | ResNet-18 | IMC-SwAV (Best) | 2021-03-12 |
| Information Maximization Clustering via Multi-View Self-Labelling | ✓ Link | 0.891 | 0.811 | 0.79 | Train | ResNet-18 | IMC-SwAV (Avg+-) | 2021-03-12 |
| Twin Contrastive Learning for Online Clustering | ✓ Link | 0.887 | 0.819 | 0.780 | Train | ResNet-34 | TCL | 2022-10-21 |
| []() | | 0.884 | | 0.776 | Train | ResNet-18 | HUME | |
| SCAN: Learning to Classify Images without Labels | ✓ Link | 0.883 | 0.797 | 0.772 | Train | ResNet-18 | SCAN | 2020-05-25 |
| SCAN: Learning to Classify Images without Labels | ✓ Link | 0.876 | 0.787 | 0.758 | Train | ResNet-18 | SCAN (Avg) | 2020-05-25 |
| Unsupervised Visual Representation Learning by Online Constrained K-Means | ✓ Link | 0.857 | 0.766 | 0.732 | Train | ResNet-18 | CoKe | 2021-05-24 |
| Dataset Summarization by K Principal Concepts | | 0.853 | 0.731 | 0.702 | Train+Test | ViT-B-32 | Single-Noun Prior | 2021-04-08 |
| Representation Learning for Clustering via Building Consensus | ✓ Link | 0.846 | 0.762 | 0.715 | Train | | ConCURL | 2021-05-04 |
| Improving Image Clustering with Artifacts Attenuation via Inference-Time Attention Engineering | | 0.8449 | 0.8682 | 0.7946 | Test | ViT-B/14 | ITAE | 2024-10-07 |
| Contrastive Hierarchical Clustering | ✓ Link | 0.839 | 0.779 | 0.731 | Train | ResNet-50 | CoHiClust | 2023-03-03 |
| C3: Cross-instance guided Contrastive Clustering | ✓ Link | 0.838 | 0.748 | 0.707 | | | C3 | 2022-11-14 |
| Multi-Modal Deep Clustering: Unsupervised Partitioning of Images | ✓ Link | 0.820 | 0.703 | | | ResNet18 | MMDC | 2019-12-05 |
| Clustering-friendly Representation Learning via Instance Discrimination and Feature Decorrelation | ✓ Link | 0.815 | 0.711 | 0.663 | Train+Test | ResNet-18 | IDFD | 2021-05-31 |
| Mitigating Embedding and Class Assignment Mismatch in Unsupervised Image Classification | ✓ Link | 0.81 | - | - | Train | ResNet-18 | TSUC | |
| Contrastive Clustering | ✓ Link | 0.79 | 0.705 | 0.637 | Train+Test | ResNet34 | CC | 2020-09-21 |
| DHOG: Deep Hierarchical Object Grouping | | 0.666 | 0.585 | 0.492 | Train+Test | ResNet-18 | DHOG | 2020-03-13 |
| Deep Comprehensive Correlation Mining for Image Clustering | ✓ Link | 0.623 | 0.496 | 0.408 | Train+Test | AlexNet | DCCM | 2019-04-15 |
| Invariant Information Clustering for Unsupervised Image Classification and Segmentation | ✓ Link | 0.617 | 0.511 | 0.411 | Train+Test | ResNet-34 | IIC | 2018-07-17 |
| Deep Adaptive Image Clustering | ✓ Link | 0.522 | 0.4 | 0.301 | Train+Test | ConvNet | DAC | 2017-10-01 |
| Deep Clustering for Unsupervised Learning of Visual Features | ✓ Link | 0.374 | - | - | Train+Test | ResNet-34 | DeepCluster | 2018-07-15 |
| []() | | 0.325 | - | - | Train+Test | ResNet | ADC | |
| Unsupervised Representation Learning with Deep Convolutional Generative Adversarial Networks | ✓ Link | 0.315 | 0.265 | 0.176 | Train+Test | GAN | GAN | 2015-11-19 |
| Unsupervised Deep Embedding for Clustering Analysis | ✓ Link | 0.301 | 0.25 | 0.161 | Train+Test | Custom | DEC | 2015-11-19 |
| Auto-Encoding Variational Bayes | ✓ Link | 0.291 | 0.245 | 0.168 | Train+Test | VAE | VAE | 2013-12-20 |
| Joint Unsupervised Learning of Deep Representations and Image Clusters | ✓ Link | 0.272 | 0.192 | 0.138 | Train+Test | | JULE | 2016-04-13 |
| Exploring the Limits of Deep Image Clustering using Pretrained Models | ✓ Link | 0.94.5 | 0.886 | 0.885 | Train | ViT-B | TEMI DINO ViT-B | 2023-03-31 |